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<h2><span class="mw-headline">Classification</span></h2>
<p>Traditional morphology-based systematics has included in the subphylum Hexapoda four groups - Insects (Ectognatha), springtails (Collembola), Protura and Diplura, the latter three being grouped together as Entognatha on the basis of internalized mouthparts. Supraordinal relationships have undergone numerous changes with the advent of cladistic methods and genetic data. A recent hypothesis is that Hexapoda is polyphyletic, with the entognath classes having separate evolutionary histories from Insecta.</p>
<p>As many of the traditional morphology-based taxa have been shown to be paraphyletic, it is best to avoid using terms such as subclass, superorder and infraorder and instead focus on monophyletic groupings. The following list represents the best supported monophyletic groupings for the Insecta.</p>
<p>
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                        <td style="width: 1.5em; border-bottom: black 1px solid" valign="bottom" align="center">Insecta</td>
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                                    <td style="width: 1.5em; border-bottom: black 1px solid" valign="bottom" align="center">Monocondylia</td>
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                                    <p>Archaeognatha</p>
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                                    <td style="border-left: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 1px solid" valign="bottom" align="center">Dicondylia</td>
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                                                <p>Thysanura</p>
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                                                <td style="border-left: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 1px solid" valign="bottom" align="center">Pterygota</td>
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                                                            <td style="width: 1.5em; border-bottom: black 1px solid" valign="bottom" align="center">Paleoptera</td>
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                                                                        <p>Ephemeroptera</p>
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                                                                        <p>Odonata</p>
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                                                            <td style="border-left: black 1px solid; border-bottom: black 1px solid" valign="bottom" align="center">Neoptera</td>
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                                                                        <td style="width: 1.5em; border-bottom: black 1px solid" valign="bottom" align="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
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                                                                        <p>Plecoptera</p>
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                                                                        <p>Embiidina</p>
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                                                                        <p>Phasmida</p>
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                                                                        <p>Orthoptera</p>
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                                                                        <p>Mantophasmatodea</p>
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                                                                        <p>Zoraptera</p>
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                                                                        <p>Dictyoptera</p>
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                                                                        <p>Dermaptera</p>
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                                                                        <p>Grylloblattodea</p>
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                                                                                    <p>Psocodea</p>
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                                                                                    <p>Thysanoptera</p>
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                                                                                    <p>Hemiptera</p>
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                                                                                    <p>Endopterygota</p>
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            <p><small><font size="2">Simplified </font><font size="2">Cladogram</font><font size="2"> of insect groups<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27">[28]</sup> and very simplified. Note that </font><font size="2">Apterygota</font><font size="2">, </font><font size="2">Palaeoptera</font><font size="2"> and </font><font size="2">Exopterygota</font><font size="2"> are possibly </font><font size="2">paraphyletic</font><font size="2"> groups.</font></small></p>
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<p>&dagger; signifies an extinct taxon.</p>
<p><b>Apterygota</b></p>
<ul>
    <li>Monura &dagger;</li>
</ul>
<p><b>Monocondylia</b></p>
<ul>
    <li>Archaeognatha=Microcoryphia (bristletails)</li>
</ul>
<p><b>Dicondylia</b></p>
<dl><dd>
<ul>
    <li>Thysanura=Zygentoma (silverfish)</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl><dl><dd><b>Pterygota</b> </dd></dl><dl><dd><dl><dd><b>Paleoptera</b>
<ul>
    <li>Ephemeroptera (mayflies)</li>
    <li>Palaeodictyoptera &dagger;</li>
    <li>Megasecoptera &dagger;</li>
    <li>Archodonata &dagger;</li>
    <li>Diaphanopterodea &dagger;</li>
    <li>Protodonata=Meganisoptera &dagger;</li>
    <li>Protanisoptera &dagger;</li>
    <li>Triadophlebioptera &dagger;</li>
    <li>Protozygoptera=Archizygoptera &dagger;</li>
    <li>Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies)</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="160" alt="Orthetrum caledonicum, the Blue Skimmer dragonfly" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aust_blue_dragonfly02.jpg/180px-Aust_blue_dragonfly02.jpg" width="180" border="0" />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div>
<i>Orthetrum caledonicum</i>, the Blue Skimmer dragonfly</div>
</div>
</div>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><b>Neoptera</b> </dd></dl></dd></dl><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><b>Polyneoptera</b>
<ul>
    <li>Caloneurodea &dagger;</li>
    <li>Titanoptera &dagger;</li>
    <li>Protorthoptera &dagger;</li>
    <li>Plecoptera (stoneflies)</li>
    <li>Embiidina=Embioptera (webspinners)</li>
    <li>Zoraptera (angel insects)</li>
    <li>Dermaptera (earwigs)</li>
    <li>Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids)</li>
    <li>Phasmatodea (stick insects)</li>
    <li>Notoptera (ice-crawlers &amp; gladiators)</li>
    <li>Blattaria (cockroaches)</li>
</ul>
<dl><dd>
<ul>
    <li>Isoptera (termites - included in Blattaria)</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul>
    <li>Mantodea (mantids)</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="212" alt="A Chinese Mantis." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Zorak-Mantis.png/180px-Zorak-Mantis.png" width="180" border="0" />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div>
A Chinese Mantis.</div>
</div>
</div>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><b>Paraneoptera</b>
<ul>
    <li>Psocodea (booklice, barklice)</li>
</ul>
<dl><dd>
<ul>
    <li>Mallophaga (chewing lice - in Psocodea)</li>
    <li>Anoplura (sucking lice - in Psocodea)</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul>
    <li>Thysanoptera (thrips)</li>
    <li>Hemiptera (true bugs, aphids, cicadas)</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="120" alt="A Yellowjacket wasp." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/European_wasp_white_bg.jpg/180px-European_wasp_white_bg.jpg" width="180" border="0" />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div>
A Yellowjacket wasp.</div>
</div>
</div>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><b>Endopterygota</b>=Holometabola
<ul>
    <li>Glosselytrodea &dagger;</li>
    <li>Miomoptera &dagger;</li>
    <li>Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants)</li>
    <li>Coleoptera (beetles)</li>
    <li>Strepsiptera (twisted-winged parasites)</li>
</ul>
</dd><dd>Neuropterida
<ul>
    <li>Raphidioptera (snakeflies)</li>
    <li>Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies)</li>
    <li>Neuroptera (lacewings, antlions)</li>
</ul>
</dd><dd>Antliophora/Mecopteroidea
<ul>
    <li>Mecoptera (scorpionflies, hangingflies)</li>
</ul>
<dl><dd>
<ul>
    <li>Siphonaptera (fleas - in Mecoptera)</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="209" alt="A Syrphid fly on a Grape hyacinth" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Syrphid_fly_on_Grape_hyacinth.jpg/180px-Syrphid_fly_on_Grape_hyacinth.jpg" width="180" border="0" />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div>
A Syrphid fly on a Grape hyacinth</div>
</div>
</div>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>
<ul>
    <li>Diptera (true flies)</li>
    <li>Protodiptera &dagger;</li>
</ul>
</dd><dd>Amphiesmenoptera
<ul>
    <li>Trichoptera (caddisflies)</li>
    <li>Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths, skippers)</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Insects can be divided into two groups, historically treated as subclasses: Apterygota (wingless) and Pterygota (winged). The Apterygota consists of two primitively wingless orders - Archaeognatha (bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish). Archaeognatha makes up the Monocondylia (based on mandibular morphology) while Thysanura and Pterygota are grouped together as Dicondylia. It is possible that the Thysanura itself is not monophyletic, with the family Lepidotrichidae a sister group to the Dicondylia (Pterygota + the remaining Thysanura).</p>
<p>Paleoptera and Neoptera are the winged orders of insects, separated by the presence of sclerites and musculature that allow for folding of the wings flat over the abdomen in the latter group. Neoptera can further be divided into hemimetabolous (Polyneoptera &amp; Paraneoptera) and Holometabolous groups. It has proven particularly difficult to elucidate interordinal relationships within Polyneoptera. Phasmatodea and Embiidina have been suggested to form Eukinolabia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28">[29]</sup> Mantodea, Blattodea &amp; Isoptera are thought to form a monophyletic group termed Dictyoptera.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29">[30]</sup> Paraneoptera has turned out to be more closely related to Endopterygota than to the rest of the Exopterygota. The recent molecular finding that the traditional louse orders Mallophaga and Anoplura are derived from within Psocoptera has led to the new taxon Psocodea.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30">[31]</sup></p>
<p>It is quite likely that Exopterygota is paraphyletic in regards to Endopterygota. Contentious matters include Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together as Halteria based on a reduction of one of the wing pairs - a position not well-supported in the entomological community.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31">[32]</sup> The Neuropterida are often &quot;lumped&quot; or &quot;split&quot; on the whims of the taxonomist. Fleas are now thought to be closely related to boreid mecopterans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32">[33]</sup> Many questions remain to be answered when it comes to basal relationships amongst endopterygote orders, particularly Hymenoptera.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>

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